(Bloomberg) — Former President Donald Trump and one of his top lawyers were ordered to pay almost $1 million in legal fees and costs to Hillary Clinton, her 2016 campaign and more than a dozen political operatives who he accused of a vast conspiracy to damage his reputation.

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The suit, dismissing last year as an improper political “manifesto,” is part of a long pattern of abuse of the courts by Trump and his lawyers and “should never have been brought,” US District Judge Donald M. Middlebrooks said in a ruling late Thursday in West Palm Beach,

According to Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act 1872, An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. Before a contract comes into existence the promisor has to signify his willingness and a promise has to signify his assent. It, therefore, becomes necessary to explain what is meant by such signification and what should be the mode of the same.

To bring into notice the willingness or assent of the parties to enter into a contract one needs to communicate. This mode of communication can be postal or instantaneous. Section 3 of the Indian Contract Act states that communication can

By: Tarun Ashok

INTRODUCTION

The ethos of Indian democracy has been perennially centered around ideas of justice- political, economic, and social, as enshrined in the Constitution. Article 38 of the Directive Principles of State Policy outlines these values ​​as aspirational ideals for the diverse institutions of national life. It encapsulates and promotes aspects such as social justice, distributive justice, and the strengthening of the welfare state. However, in recent times, the state and its myriad institutions have failed to be sufficiently informed by these ideals.

I. A BACKGROUND TO THE ARTICLE 38

A cursory understanding of the meaning and import